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Does time change speed?

Do you ever get the feeling that time is just dragging on? You might be working in the office, sitting at your desk at school during a long lecture or waiting for the doctor to see you, but when you look up at the clock, you could swear the 15 minutes it took for the long hand to move a quarter of an hour were really twice as long. No matter how much you squirm and fidget, time is taking its sweet time in getting to the future.


A student at Enfield School in London wonders why time doesn't just pick up the pace. Is time a concrete, immutable concept, or does it actually change?
Evening Standard/Getty Images
A student at Enfield School in London wonders why time doesn't just pick up the pace. Is time a concrete, immutable concept, or does it actually change?

On the other hand, sometimes it can feel like time moves too quickly. Deep, engaging conversations with friends and loved ones can last for several hours but make you feel like time swept by in minutes. You can wake up right when the alarm goes off in the morning but somehow still end up running late for work. You're left throwing your hands up, wondering what happened to all of that lost time.
Time is a strangely contradictory concept. Many of us think of it as a concrete way of describing how long an event takes to unfold. And why wouldn't we, when we have fancy gadgets like watches? Modern technology has given us clocks, which help us measure time precisely. Atomic clocks, which measure the resonance frequencies of atoms, are even better at telling time. When someone standing still then walks 10 paces forward, we can easily measure with a stopwatch the number of seconds it took from the beginning of that short journey to its end.

But time doesn't always feel precise to us. When you bring two different people into the equation, especially if they don't have any watches, getting them to agree on their experience of time becomes increasingly difficult. So is time as simple as we think it is, or is it more fluid and relative? How is time connected to space?


Absolute Time and Relative Time

A copy of Newton's
Daniel Berehulak/Getty Images
A copy of Newton's "Philosphiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" at the Science Museum Library and Archives in Swindon, England.
When physicist and philosopher Isaac Newton completed his "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" in the late 17th century, he led a scientific revolution that changed the way people viewed the world. In the work, he laid out several concepts that would become the basis for classical physics. Among the important theories Newton introduced were the laws of motion that govern the way objects move through space, including the law of universal gravitation, and the foundation for calculus. In other words, most people consider Newton a genius, and scientists still apply his ideas to everyday circumstances.

Newton included in the "Principia Mathematica" a scholium, or an appendix of explanatory notes, and in it he defined several important principles, including the idea of absolute time. Although he understood that clocks weren't perfect and measuring time was subject to human error, Newton believed in an absolute time that was similar to a universal, omnipotent God-like time, one that was the same for everyone, everywhere. In other words, someone standing at the North Pole on Earth would experience time the same way as someone standing on Mars.
Newton's view on time kept it separate from space. When Albert Einstein introduced his Theory of Relativity in the early 20th century, however, he suggested that time wasn't separate from space but connected to it. Time and space combined to form space-time, and everyone measures his or her own experience in it differently because the speed of light (300,000 km per second) is the same for all observers. In other words, if all observers have to agree on the speed of light being 300,000 km per second, then they can't agree on the time it takes for other objects to travel relative to them.

Einstein also suggested that space-time wasn't flat, but curved or "warped" by the existence of matter and energy. Large bodies in space-time, like the Earth, aren't just floating in orbit. Instead, imagine an apple resting on a stretched out blanket -- the weight of the apple warps the sheet. If the Earth is an apple, then we can imagine the Earth's blanket as space-time.

This means that someone moving through space-time will experience it differently at various points. Time will actually appear to move slower near massive objects, because space-time is warped by the weight. These predictions have actually been proven. In 1962, scientists placed two atomic clocks at the bottom and top of a water tower. The clock at the bottom, the one closer to the massive center of the Earth, was running slower than the clock at the top. Einstein called this phenomenon time dilation.

A further explanation of the bending of space-time and time dilation came in the form of a thought experiment called the twin paradox, devised in 1911 by French physicist Paul Langevin. If one twin lives at the foot of a mountain and the other lives at the top, the twin closer to the Earth will age more slowly. He or she would turn out younger than the other twin, though by a very small amount. If you sent one twin in a spaceship accelerating close to the speed of light, however, he or she would return much younger than the other twin, because high acceleration and large gravitational masses are the same in relativity. Of course, no one's gone so far as to send somebody's twin into high-speed orbit, but scientists proved the hypothesis true in the '70s by sending an atomic clock into orbit. It returned to Earth having run much slower than grounded atomic clocks [source: Europhysics News].

So you're telling me if you send me up there at high speeds, I'll appear younger than Jimmy when I come back down? Where do I sign up?!
Fox Photos/Getty Images
So you're telling me if you send me up there at high speeds, I'll appear younger than Jimmy when I come back down? Where do I sign up?!

So next time you're late for work or want the weekends to last longer, make sure you stay close to the ground and accelerate as much as possible. Boring lectures and waiting areas in doctor's offices, on the other hand, should be spent in the topmost room  of high towers. For lots more information on physics and the nature of time, see the next page in a timely fashion.

How would time travel affect life as we know it?

tardis
Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images
In the BBC TV series "Dr. Who," the Tardis -- the Doctor's machine for traveling through time and space -- is disguised as a blue police box. As a Time Lord, The Doctor lives outside of time -- his life has no clearly definable past, present and future.
Science fiction has thoroughly covered the topic of time travel, starting with H.G. Wells' "The Time Machine" in 1895 and continuing right up to modern movies like "Déjà Vu" starring Denzel Washington. But physicists have also explored the nature of time and the plausibility of time travel for more than century, beginning with Albert Einstein's theories of relativity. Thanks to Einstein, scientists know that time slows as moving objects approach the speed of light. Gravity also slows time. This means that, in one sense, all of us can already consider ourselves time travelers in a limited way because we experience a tiny time warp (a difference of only nanoseconds) when we, for example, take a flight on an airplane. But physicists who study time travel today search for plausible ways to create a time warp large enough to allow noticeable travel into the past or future.


In his book "How to Build a Time Machine," physicist Paul Davies writes, "The theory of relativity implies that a limited form of time travel is certainly possible, while unrestricted time travel -- to any epoch, past or future -- might just be possible, too." This astonishing statement begs an important question: If time travel did indeed become a reality, how would it affect our world as we currently experience it?

First, it's important to realize that building a time machine would likely involve enormous expense, and the sheer complexity of such an apparatus would mean only a limited group of time travelers would have access to it. But even a small group of "astronauts" traveling through time and space could conceivably have a tremendous impact on life as we know it today. The possibilities, in fact, seem almost infinite.

Let's begin by assuming that it's possible to create a complete loop in time travel -- that time travelers could travel back into the past and then return to the future (or vice versa). Although scientists view traveling to the future as a much less problematic proposition than traveling to the past, our daily lives wouldn't change much if we could only send time travelers backward or forward in time, unable to recall them to the present. If we could, in fact, complete this loop of time travel, we can conjure up an incredible array of possible effects


Possibilities and Paradoxes of Time Travel

Imagine sending a time traveling astronaut 100 years into the future. The time traveler could witness technological advancements that we can only dream of today, much as people at the turn of the 20th century likely couldn't imagine the items we take for granted in 2010, such as iPods or laptop computers. The time traveler could also gain insight into medical advancements, such as new medicines, treatments and surgical techniques. If the time traveler could bring this knowledge backward in time to the present, the time from which he or she came, society could effectively leap forward in terms of its technical and scientific knowledge.

The futuristic time traveler could also bring back knowledge of what lay ahead for the world. He or she could warn of natural disasters, geopolitical conflicts, epidemics and other events of worldwide importance. This knowledge could potentially change the very way we operate. For example, what if a time traveler journeyed into the future and literally saw the effects that automobiles would eventually have on our planet? What if the time traveler witnessed an environment so polluted and damaged that it's unrecognizable? How might that change our willingness to use alternative forms of transportation?

Imagine that time travel became less restricted and more available to a larger population. Perhaps travel into the future would be exploited for personal gain. A futuristic time traveler could draw on knowledge of the stock market to guide his or her investment decisions, effectively using the granddaddy of all insider information to amass a fortune. Militaries might rely on time travel to gain valuable knowledge about the enemy's positioning and resources in future battles. Terrorists could use time travel to scout out the scenes of future attacks, allowing them to carefully plan with precise knowledge of future conditions.


Consistent Versus Inconsistent Causal Loops
Physicist Paul Davies gives a good example of a consistent causal loop in his book "How to Build a Time Machine." A mathematics professor uses a time machine to travel forward in time, where he discovers a new theorem. He returns back to the time he came from and gives one of his particularly gifted students the idea for that theorem. The student goes on to publish the theorem, and it turns out that it was this very student's work that the professor perused during his journey to the future. The narrative here is consistent.

On the other hand, with the grandfather paradox, a time traveler goes back in time and kills his grandfather. But if the time traveler's grandfather dies before the time traveler is born, how can he or she exist at all? And if the time traveler doesn't exist, how could he or she travel back in time to kill granddad?

The potential effects seem equally limitless in terms of the less likely possibility of time travel into the past. History books would no longer be based solely on exhaustive research and interpretation of ancient materials. Time travelers could resolve historical debates and verify how things did or didn't happen in the past. Imagine how different our understanding of the world might be if we could say definitively, for example, whether Moses actually parted the Red Sea or whether Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in killing John F. Kennedy. A journey into the past could prove or disprove religious beliefs or result in face-to-face encounters with people such as Jesus, Buddha, Napoleon or Cleopatra -- or even the time traveler's former self. Perhaps time travelers could even bring back from the past things that had been lost, such as extinct species or dead and long-forgotten languages.

But here it's very important to raise the issue of self-consistent narratives and paradoxes. The concept of self-consistent narratives tells us that anything a time traveler would alter or affect in the past would have to remain consistent with the future from which he or she journeyed. Changing the past would effectively change the future, creating a causal loop. But such causal loops would only pose inherent problems if changes to the past resulted in a future different from the one the time traveler came from.

But perhaps the question of how time travel would affect life as we know it goes deeper than even a discussion of potential paradoxes and causal loops. Perhaps a discussion of specific effects of consequences on life as we know it makes little sense when faced with something that could change everything about the way in which we perceive our world.

Time Travel Turned Total Mayhem

As physicist Paul Davies describes it, unrestricted time travel -- meaning time travel that could form a complete loop to both the past and future -- would ultimately lead to total mayhem. In his words, "Time travel opens a view of the world that is a sort of madhouse where the rational order of things would no longer work. Under those circumstances, it's very hard to see how ordinary human life could continue."

In a world where the relationship between past, present and future is turned on its head, we would transcend the things that define our lives today. We would lose our notion of how time works, which could be so fundamentally damaging to our worldview that we would no longer care as much about the things that matter to us today: work, finances, making plans with friends and family, shopping -- you name it. These things just wouldn't be relevant in this crazy new world because we'd have a newfound preoccupation with simply making sense of a world without a set chronology -- we wouldn't know the order in which things occur.

It may be beside the point, then, to talk about resolving historical debates, saving endangered species or gaining technological, financial or military insight because those things might very likely fall by the wayside in the strange world that would follow the advent of unrestricted time travel.

As Davies makes clear, none of this fallout would occur from one-way travel. Hitching a one-way ride to the future or even the past (assuming we stick with self-consistent narratives) wouldn't cause this kind of profound reordering of the world as we currently experience it. But closing that loop of travel could be, in a word, disastrous.

Davies points out that science fiction normally focuses on the novelty aspect of time travel. But according to him, "It's not a novelty or a curiosity, it's something that strikes at the very rational basis of how we live and function. It's really hard to imagine that anything could be the same again." In his view, unrestricted time travel could change life as we know it so dramatically that we wouldn't even recognize it. Because chronology would have no meaning, we couldn't easily tell if something happened before or after, was a cause or an effect, and we would lose the ability to predict rationally the outcomes of our actions. In essence, it would be as though we had all gone insane.

These sobering potential effects of time travel have caused some scientists to wonder whether a principle exists in nature that would actually prevent unrestricted time travel, such as Stephen Hawking's "chronology protection hypothesis." This type of "theory of everything" might provide a scientific explanation as to why we could never unhinge the universe as we know it by making unrestricted time travel a reality. Scientists have yet to discover such a theory, but hearing Davies' take on the frightening effects of time travel makes one hope that they find it soon -- even if it means that we won't ever know for sure who killed JFK.

What if you fell into a black hole?

What if you fell into a black hole?

When Alice falls into the rabbit hole, she experiences a host of "curiouser and curiouser" phenomena. She gets smaller, she gets bigger, she almost drowns in a sea of her own tears and she meets an assembly of strange creatures. As it turns out, falling into a black hole may rival the strange experiences described by Lewis Carroll in his classic fantasy. Unlike Alice, however, who emerges from her adventures no worse for the wear, a person who journeys into one of the universe's most mysterious objects is not likely to fare so well. To understand why, it will help to define what a black hole is and how it interacts with the universe around it.

The Unfolding Universe: Supermassive Black Holes

Astronomers have only observed black holes indirectly, yet they can paint a clear picture, albeit one based on circumstantial evidence. They feel certain, for example, that black holes indicate regions where matter has been compressed into an infinite density. The gravity of such a region is so strong that nothing can escape its inexorable pull, not even light. As matter and light fall into the superdense region, X-rays and other forms of electromagnetic energy get blasted into space. It's this cosmic ejecta that alerts astronomers to the existence of these mysterious monsters.
Like monsters we can see, black holes come in different sizes. Astronomers measure this using something known as the Schwarzschild radius. That radius describes the size of the event horizon, the spherical boundary of a black hole. The greater the object's mass, the larger its event horizon and the larger its radius. Regardless of how massive it is, a black hole's center point is what astronomers call a singularity -- a place where matter is infinitely dense.
Of course, you'll have to find one of these objects if you're going to fall into it. We'll search for one next.
 
 

Back in Black

Astronomers now believe black holes lie at the centers of most galaxies. They classify these beasts as supermassive black holes because each one may have a maximum mass equivalent to billions of suns. Stellar black holes are the remains of dying stars that have collapsed upon themselves. They're smaller than their supermassive cousins -- the smallest is about 12 miles (19 kilometers) across -- and may be quite common in any galaxy [source: Wethington]. The closest stellar black hole to our solar system is Cygnus X-1, which is about 6,000 light-years away.
This illustration shows a galaxy with a supermassive black hole at its core. That galactic bad boy at the center is shooting out jets of radio waves.
NASA/JPL-Caltech

Let's say you go to your travel agent and book a one-way flight to an exotic, five-star black hole. You check your luggage, board the rocket and enjoy the ride, trying hard to ignore the screaming kid in the seat behind you. What you see as you approach your final destination depends on what's around the black hole. A companion star located nearby could have its light and gases stripped away and drawn into the neighboring gravity well. Black holes in this situation will often be encircled by an accretion disk, a ring of hot, luminous gas with transitory bright spots similar to solar flares. Even if a black hole resides by itself in a dark corner of the universe, it gives off strong bursts of radiation that your ship's sensors will be able to detect. The bottom line: You'll know exactly when you're getting close.
The captain knows, too, so he or she stops the spacecraft just beyond the black hole's gravitational pull. You'll make the rest of the trip using the jet packs mounted on your spacesuit. You don the suit, exit the vessel and start zipping toward your destiny. Eventually, the black hole's gravity seizes you and begins to reel you in. As you get closer, you orient yourself so you're falling feet-first toward the event horizon.
Brace yourself. On the next, things get really interesting on our black hole journey.


Falling to Pieces

Here's where it starts to get bad. Tidal forces -- so named because similar gravitational forces between the moon and the Earth cause ocean tides -- increase dramatically as the distance between you and the black hole shrinks. This means the gravity acting on your feet is much stronger than the gravity acting on your head. As a result, your feet begin to accelerate much faster than your head. Your body stretches out, not uncomfortably at first, but over time, the stretching will become more severe. Astronomers call this spaghettification because the intense gravitational field pulls you into a long, thin piece of spaghetti.

{Yeah, spaghetti is all fun and games until you're the spaghetti.
Ableimages/Lifesize/Thinkstock}

When you start feeling pain depends on the size of the black hole. If you're falling into a supermassive black hole, you'll begin to notice the tidal forces within about 600,000 kilometers (372,822 miles) of the center -- after you've already crossed the event horizon [source: Bunn]. If you're falling into a stellar black hole, you'll start feeling uncomfortable within 6,000 kilometers (3,728 miles) of the center, long before you cross the horizon [source: Bunn].
Either way, spaghettification leads to a painful conclusion. When the tidal forces exceed the elastic limits of your body, you'll snap apart at the weakest point, probably just above the hips. You'll see your lower half floating next to you, and you'll see it begin to stretch anew as tidal forces latch onto it. The same thing happens to your torso, of course, until each half snaps a second time. In a matter of seconds, you're a goner, reduced to a string of disconnected atoms that march into the black hole's singularity like ants disappearing into a colony.
It's not a great way to die, but there's one consolation: In space, no one can hear you scream.

Sources

  • Broderick, Avery E. and Abraham Loeb. "Portrait of a Black Hole." Scientific American. December 2009.
  • Bunn, Ted. "What would happen to me if I fell into a black hole?" Berkeley Cosmology. September 1995. (July 20, 2011) http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/Education/BHfaq.html#q3
  • Cain, Fraser. "Maximizing Survival Time Inside the Event Horizon of a Black Hole." Universe Today. May 10, 2007. (July 20, 2011) http://www.universetoday.com/1605/maximizing-survival-time-inside-the-event-horizon-of-a-black-hole/
  • HubbleSite Special Feature. "Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull." 2005. (July 20, 2011) http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/encyc_mod3_q16.html
  • Malone, Noreen. "What happens if you fall into a black hole?" Slate. (July 20, 2011) http://www.slate.com/id/2199664/
  • Plait, Phil. "Tyson spaghettifies!" Bad Astronomy. Jan. 13, 2009. (July 20, 2011) http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/01/13/tyson-spaghettifies/
  • Rees, Martin. “Universe: The Definitive Visual Guide.” Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2008.
  • Wethington, Nicholos. "Black Hole on Earth." Universe Today. Aug. 29, 2009. (July 20, 2011) http://www.universetoday.com/38434/black-hole-on-earth/
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Outcome Attachment Kills Performance: Relax Instead

Want to know a fantastic way to sabotage your performance?
Be dependent on success. Attach everything to the success of your performance. Say, “If I don’t come through here, I’m a failure. I suck. I’m not good at what I do.”
If you do that, watch yourself tense up. Watch your performance go downhill. Watch yourself get even more tense as you try to save yourself from failure.
More often than not, your tension will end up being your downfall. At the end of your performance, you’ll look at yourself and think, “Well, I lost. I failed. Now I’m not good at anything, and I’m just a failure,” and so on, until you end up shredding your self-concept into a million pieces and think of yourself as the most incompetent human being to ever walk the earth.
Attachment to the outcome – staking your self-esteem on your performance – did you in.
Outcome Attachment Kills Performance: Relax Instead


Unhealthy Attachment


When we attach ourselves to the outcome and stake our self-worth to our performance during a certain event, we tense up because of the burden of our own expectations. We can’t relax because we think that, in order to still have some self-esteem after this event, we need to perform at our best. The prospect of living a life without any self-esteem or sense of self-worth (at least temporarily) makes our minds feel under pressure – because they are.
Think about it this way: what if the person you loved the most told you that, unless you came got a very lucrative, prestigious job that you applied to, they wouldn’t loved you anymore? Their love would be tied to your performance in securing a job. How ridiculous does that sound? Isn’t it inane to think that anyone could tie their love to something as arbitrary as getting a high-level job?
Want to know what you call those kinds of relationships? Unhealthy. (Readers, if the person you love the most would stop loving you over something similar, I’d reevaluate your relationship with that person and ask yourself whether you actually love them or even if you want them in your life)
Well, every single time you get attached to the outcome, you’re doing exactly that to yourself.
You’re saying, “Okay, self, if you don’t get an A on this paper, I won’t love you anymore, and I certainly won’t treat you with respect. If you screw this up, I’ll never trust you again to do anything. I won’t want anything to do with you, but I guess I’ll endure the pain of being stuck with you forever because you’re all I’ve got. But I won’t like it.”
Which puts a ton of psychological pressure on your mind. You are, with this paper (in my example) fighting for your own self-esteem. While that’s a tremendous motivator – that’s why we attach ourselves to the outcome in the first place; we think high risk = high reward – it’s also very unhealthy.

Relaxation, Not Tension, Leads to Better Performance


The lesson to be learned here is that relaxation, not tension, creates better performance. 

Making your body tense up by being attached to the outcome is a good way in the short term to improve energy levels, but, in the end, the stress ends up compromising your ability to perform.
By relaxing, on the other hand, and not caring much about the outcome, you can let yourself perform to the best of your ability. Your movements become effortless instead of being tense. Your relaxation response kicks in, leading to better decision-making.
If you stay in the moment, breathe deeply, and care little about the outcome, you’ll end up triggering your relaxation response (google it to learn more). The relaxation response nullifies most of the harmful effects of tension, like fatigue, irritability, muscle soreness, and lack of focus.
In order to trigger the relaxation response in the moment, you need to do exactly that: relax. Breathe deeply. Let go of the tension that you feel in your body. Feel free of the burden of expectations, instead of trying to stake your self-worth on them.
By doing that, you’ll actually perform at your best, instead of sabotaging yourself.
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How Disc Brakes Work?

1. Introduction to How Disc Brakes Work.

Most modern cars have disc brakes on the front wheels, and some have disc brakes on all four wheels. This is the part of the brake system that does the actual work of stopping the car.
The most common type of disc brake on modern cars is the single-piston floating caliper. In this article, we will learn all about this type of disc brake design

Disc Brake Basics

Here is the location of the disc brakes in a car:

Disc brake location

The main components of a disc brake are:
  • The brake pads
  • The caliper, which contains a piston
  • The rotor, which is mounted to the hub


Parts of a disc brake


The disc brake is a lot like the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes have a caliper, which squeezes the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the brake pads squeeze the rotor instead of the wheel, and the force is transmitted hydraulically instead of through a cable. Friction between the pads and the disc slows the disc down.
A moving car has a certain amount of kinetic energy, and the brakes have to remove this energy from the car in order to stop it. How do the brakes do this? Each time you stop your car, your brakes convert the kinetic energy to heat generated by the friction between the pads and the disc. Most car disc brakes are vented.


Disc brake vents


Vented disc brakes have a set of vanes, between the two sides of the disc, that pumps air through the disc to provide cooling.

Self-Adjusting Brakes

­­The single-piston floating-caliper disc brake is self-centering and self-adjusting. The caliper is able to slide from side to side so it will move to the center each time the brakes are applied. Also, since there is no spring to pull the pads away from the disc, the pads always stay in light contact with the rotor (the rubber piston seal and any wobble in the rotor may actually pull the pads a small distance away from the rotor). This is important because the pistons in the brakes are much larger in diameter than the ones in the master cylinder. If the brake pistons retracted into their cylinders, it might take several applications of the brake pedal to pump enough fluid into the brake cylinder to engage the brake pads.


Self-adjusting disc brake

Older cars had dual or four-piston fixed-caliper designs. A piston (or two) on each side of the rotor pushed the pad on that side. This design has been largely eliminated because single-piston designs are cheaper and more reliable.

Emergency Brakes

­ ­In cars with disc brakes on all four wheels, an emergency brake has to be actuated by a separate mechanism than the primary brakes in case of a total primary brake failure. Most cars use a cable to actuate the emergency brake.


Disc brake with parking brake


Some cars with four-wheel disc brakes have a separate drum brake integrated into the hub of the rear wheels. This drum brake is only for the emergency brake system, and it is actuated only by the cable; it has no hydraulics.
Other cars have a lever that turns a screw, or actuates a cam, which presses the piston of the disc brake.

Servicing Your Brakes

­ ­The most common type of service required for brakes is changing the pads. Disc brake pads usually have a piece of metal on them called a wear indicator.


Photo courtesy of a local Autozone store
Disc brake pad

When enough of the friction material is worn away, the wear indicator will contact the disc and make a squealing sound. This means it is time for new brake pads.
There is also an inspection opening in the caliper so you can see how much friction material is left on your brake pads.


Disc brake inspection opening

Sometimes, deep scores get worn into brake rotors. This can happen if a worn-out brake pad is left on the car for too long. Brake rotors can also warp; that is, lose their flatness. If this happens, the brakes may shudder or vibrate when you stop. Both of these problems can sometimes be fixed by refinishing (also called turning or machining) the rotors. Some material is removed from both sides of the rotors to restore the flat, smooth surface.
Refinishing is not required every time your brake shoes are replaced. You need it only if they are warped or badly scored. In fact, refinishing the rotors more often than is necessary will reduce their life. Because the process removes material, brake rotors get thinner every time they are refinished. All brake rotors have a specification for the minimum allowable thickness before they need to be replaced. This spec can be found in the shop manual .

Disc Brake Diagram

Now let's put the parts together to see how disc brakes work as a whole. This diagram shows the basic parts that make up a disc brake system.
Disc brake diagram­Disc brake components

Truth of Hacking the facebook passord !! Do you want to or trying to GET ACCESS to someone's FACEBOOK ACCOUNT, then read this post carefully!!

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Break-Up Advice: Top 10 Ways to Recover from a Break-Up

<>Break-Up Advice: Top 10 Ways to Recover from a Break-Up<><><>By Stephany Alexander

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Bʀᴇᴀᴋ-Uᴘ Aᴅᴠɪᴄᴇ: Tᴏᴘ 10 Wᴀʏs ᴛᴏ Rᴇᴄᴏᴠᴇʀ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴀ Bʀᴇᴀᴋ-Uᴘ
Bʏ Sᴛᴇᴘʜᴀɴʏ Aʟᴇxᴀɴᴅᴇʀ   

Dɪᴅ ʏᴏᴜ ᴊᴜsᴛ ʙʀᴇᴀᴋ ᴜᴘ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴀ ᴍᴀɴ? Fɪɴᴅ ᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴇsᴛ ʙʀᴇᴀᴋ ᴜᴘ ᴀᴅᴠɪᴄᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛᴏᴘ 10 ᴡᴀʏs ᴛᴏ ʀᴇᴄᴏᴠᴇʀ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴀ ʙʀᴇᴀᴋ ᴜᴘ.

Bʀᴇᴀᴋ-ᴜᴘs sᴇᴇᴍ ᴛᴏ ʙᴇ, ᴜɴғᴏʀᴛᴜɴᴀᴛᴇʟʏ ᴀ ɴᴏʀᴍᴀʟ ᴘᴀʀᴛ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴏᴅᴇʀɴ ᴅᴀʏ ʟɪғᴇ. Hᴇᴀʟɪɴɢ ғʀᴏᴍ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴsʜɪᴘ ʙʀᴇᴀᴋ-ᴜᴘs ᴀɴᴅ ᴅɪᴠᴏʀᴄᴇ ᴀʀᴇ ᴀ ᴅɪғғɪᴄᴜʟᴛ ᴛᴀsᴋ ᴀᴛ ʙᴇsᴛ. Sᴏᴍᴇ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ɴᴇᴠᴇʀ ᴄᴏᴍᴘʟᴇᴛᴇʟʏ ʀᴇᴄᴏᴠᴇʀ, ᴄᴀʀʀʏɪɴɢ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴛʜᴇᴍ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴀɪɴ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ʙʀᴇᴀᴋ ᴜᴘ ᴛʜʀᴏᴜɢʜ ʟɪғᴇ. Oᴛʜᴇʀs ʙᴇᴄᴏᴍᴇ ɪᴍᴍᴏʙɪʟɪᴢᴇᴅ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ ғᴇᴀʀ ᴏғ ɢᴇᴛᴛɪɴɢ ᴄʟᴏsᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɴᴇʀ ᴀɢᴀɪɴ. Eᴠᴇɴ ᴄᴇʟᴇʙʀɪᴛɪᴇs ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʙʀᴇᴀᴋ-ᴜᴘs; Bʀᴀᴅ Pɪᴛᴛ ᴀɴᴅ Jᴇɴɴɪғᴇʀ Aɴɪsᴛᴏɴ ᴛᴏ ʙᴇ sᴀɪᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴏsᴛ ғᴀᴍᴏᴜs ᴏɴᴇ.Sᴏᴍᴇ ᴡᴏᴍᴇɴ ᴛʀʏ ᴛᴏ sᴘᴇᴇᴅ ᴜᴘ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ʀᴇᴄᴏᴠᴇʀʏ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ʙʏ ʀᴇᴘʟᴀᴄɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴏɪᴅ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴀɴᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴍᴀɴ ᴏʀ ᴡᴏᴍᴀɴ ɪᴍᴍᴇᴅɪᴀᴛᴇʟʏ.
Aᴄᴄᴏʀᴅɪɴɢ ᴛᴏ ᴀ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴsʜɪᴘ ᴘᴏʟʟ ᴏғ ᴏᴠᴇʀ 8,000 ᴡᴏᴍᴇɴ ᴄᴏɴᴅᴜᴄᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ WᴏᴍᴀɴSᴀᴠᴇʀs.ᴄᴏᴍ, ᴏᴠᴇʀ 57% ᴏғ ᴡᴏᴍᴇɴ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴛʜᴏᴜɢʜᴛ ᴏғ ʜᴀᴠɪɴɢ ᴀ sᴀᴍᴇ sᴇx ᴀғғᴀɪʀ. Jᴜᴍᴘɪɴɢ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴀɴᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴsʜɪᴘ ᴡɪᴛʜᴏᴜᴛ ᴘʀᴏᴘᴇʀ ʜᴇᴀʟɪɴɢ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ɪs ᴏɴᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀsᴛ ᴛʜɪɴɢs ʏᴏᴜ ᴄᴀɴ ᴅᴏ. Wᴏᴍᴇɴ ᴡʜᴏ ᴀʀᴇ ɢᴜɪʟᴛʏ ᴏғ ᴛʜɪs ғʀᴇǫᴜᴇɴᴛʟʏ sᴜғғᴇʀ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴄᴏᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ɴᴇᴠᴇʀ ʟᴇᴀʀɴᴇᴅ ʜᴏᴡ ᴛᴏ ʙᴇ ʜᴀᴘᴘʏ ᴀʟᴏɴᴇ. Hᴏᴡᴇᴠᴇʀ, ᴜɴᴛɪʟ ᴀ ᴡᴏᴍᴀɴ ʟᴇᴀʀɴs ʜᴏᴡ ᴛᴏ ʙᴇ ʜᴀᴘᴘʏ ᴏɴ ʜᴇʀ ᴏᴡɴ, sʜᴇ ᴄᴀɴ ɴᴇᴠᴇʀ ʙᴇ ʜᴀᴘᴘʏ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴀ ᴍᴀɴ ᴏʀ ᴡᴏᴍᴀɴ.
Eᴠᴇɴ ɪғ ʏᴏᴜ ᴀʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏɴᴇ ᴡʜᴏ ɪɴɪᴛɪᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʙʀᴇᴀᴋᴜᴘ, ᴛʜᴇ ғᴇᴇʟɪɴɢ ᴏғ ʟᴏss ᴀɴᴅ sᴇᴘᴀʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴄᴀɴ ʙᴇ ᴅɪsᴛʀᴇssɪɴɢ. Tʜᴇʀᴇ ɪs ᴀ ᴍᴇɴᴛᴀʟ sᴛᴀᴛᴇ ᴄᴀʟʟᴇᴅ “sᴇᴘᴀʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴀɴxɪᴇᴛʏ”, ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴅᴇsᴄʀɪʙᴇs ᴛʜᴇ ғᴇᴇʟɪɴɢs ʏᴏᴜ ᴍᴀʏ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ɴᴏᴡ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʏᴏᴜʀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɴᴇʀ ɪs ɴᴏ ʟᴏɴɢᴇʀ ᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛ ᴏғ ʏᴏᴜʀ ʟɪғᴇ, ʏᴏᴜʀ ᴛʜᴏᴜɢʜᴛs, ᴀɴᴅ ʏᴏᴜʀ ᴇᴍᴏᴛɪᴏɴs. Tʜᴇ ɪᴍᴘᴏʀᴛᴀɴᴛ ᴛʜɪɴɢ ɪs ᴛᴏ ғɪɢᴜʀᴇ ᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴇsᴛ ᴡᴀʏ ᴛᴏ ɢᴇᴛ ᴘᴀsᴛ ᴛʜɪs ᴀɴᴅ ɢᴇᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ʙʀᴇᴀᴋᴜᴘ ᴏᴜᴛ ᴏғ ʏᴏᴜʀ sʏsᴛᴇᴍ.
Tʜᴇ ғᴏʟʟᴏᴡɪɴɢ ᴀʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛᴏᴘ 10 ᴡᴀʏs ᴛᴏ ʀᴇᴄᴏᴠᴇʀ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴀ ʙʀᴇᴀᴋ ᴜᴘ ᴀɴᴅ sᴘᴇᴇᴅ ᴜᴘ ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴇᴀʟɪɴɢ ᴘʀᴏᴄᴇss.

1. Aʟʟᴏᴡ ʏᴏᴜʀsᴇʟғ ᴘʟᴇɴᴛʏ ᴏғ ʜᴇᴀʟɪɴɢ ᴛɪᴍᴇ. Dɪғғᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ʜᴇᴀʟ ᴀᴛ ᴅɪғғᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ʀᴀᴛᴇs sᴏ ʙᴇ ᴘᴀᴛɪᴇɴᴛ ᴡɪᴛʜ ʏᴏᴜʀsᴇʟғ. Iᴛ’s ᴏᴋᴀʏ ᴛᴏ ɢʀɪᴇᴠᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴄʀʏ, ᴊᴜsᴛ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ sᴜʀᴇ ʏᴏᴜ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ ᴀɴ ᴇғғᴏʀᴛ ᴛᴏ ɴᴏᴛ ᴜsᴇ ᴛʜɪs ᴀs ᴀɴ ᴇxᴄᴜsᴇ ғᴏʀ ʙᴇɪɴɢ ᴀ ʜᴇʀᴍɪᴛ ᴍᴀɴʏ ᴍᴏɴᴛʜs ʟᴀᴛᴇʀ.

2. Sᴛᴀʏ ʙᴜsʏ. Dᴏɴ’ᴛ ᴀʟʟᴏᴡ ʏᴏᴜʀsᴇʟғ ᴀɴʏ “ᴅᴀʏᴅʀᴇᴀᴍɪɴɢ” ᴛɪᴍᴇ. Iғ ʏᴏᴜ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ғᴏʀ ᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ᴊᴏʙ, ɢᴇᴛ ᴏɴᴇ. Iғ ʏᴏᴜ ᴅᴏɴ’ᴛ ᴡᴀɴᴛ ᴀ ᴊᴏʙ, ᴛᴀᴋᴇ ᴜᴘ sᴏᴍᴇ ᴠᴏʟᴜɴᴛᴇᴇʀ ᴡᴏʀᴋ. Tᴀᴋᴇ ᴜᴘ ᴀ ʜᴏʙʙʏ. Fᴏᴄᴜs ᴏɴ ᴀɴʏᴛʜɪɴɢ ʏᴏᴜ ᴇɴᴊᴏʏ.

3. Exᴇʀᴄɪsᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ɪᴍᴘʀᴏᴠᴇ ʏᴏᴜʀ ᴅɪᴇᴛ. Bᴇsɪᴅᴇs ɢɪᴠɪɴɢ ʏᴏᴜ ᴀ ᴘᴏsɪᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴇɴᴅᴏʀᴘʜɪɴ ʀᴜsʜ, ᴊᴏɪɴɪɴɢ ᴀ ɢʏᴍ ᴄᴀɴ ᴘᴜᴛ ʏᴏᴜ ɪɴᴛᴏ sᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴄɪʀᴄᴜᴍsᴛᴀɴᴄᴇs. Tʜʀᴏᴜɢʜ ᴇxᴇʀᴄɪsɪɴɢ ᴀɴᴅ ɪᴍᴘʀᴏᴠɪɴɢ ʏᴏᴜʀ ᴅɪᴇᴛ, ʏᴏᴜ’ʟʟ ɴᴏᴛ ᴏɴʟʏ ʙᴇ ᴛᴀᴋɪɴɢ ᴄᴀʀᴇ ᴏғ ʏᴏᴜʀ ʙᴏᴅʏ ᴀɴᴅ ʏᴏᴜʀ ʜᴇᴀʟᴛʜ, ʏᴏᴜ’ʟʟ ɪᴍᴘʀᴏᴠᴇ ʏᴏᴜʀ sᴇʟғ-ᴇsᴛᴇᴇᴍ ᴀs ᴡᴇʟʟ.

4. Mᴀᴋᴇ ᴀɴ ᴇғғᴏʀᴛ ᴛᴏ ᴍᴇᴇᴛ ɴᴇᴡ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ. Jᴏɪɴ ᴀ ᴄʟᴜʙ, ᴛᴀᴋᴇ ᴀ ᴄʟᴀss, ᴠᴏʟᴜɴᴛᴇᴇʀ, ɢᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴀʀᴋ, ᴀᴛᴛᴇɴᴅ ᴀ ᴄᴏɴᴄᴇʀᴛ. Aʟʟᴏᴡ ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ʟᴀʀɢᴇʀ sᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘs ᴛᴏ ʀᴇᴘʟᴀᴄᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏɴɴᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴs ʏᴏᴜ ʜᴀᴅ ᴡɪᴛʜ ʏᴏᴜʀ ʟᴏᴠᴇʀ ғᴏʀ ᴀ ᴡʜɪʟᴇ. Tᴀᴋᴇ ᴀᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴊᴜsᴛ ᴅᴏ ɪᴛ.

5. Sᴇᴇᴋ ᴘʀᴏғᴇssɪᴏɴᴀʟ ᴛʜᴇʀᴀᴘʏ. Tʜᴇʀᴇ ɪs ɴᴏ sʜᴀᴍᴇ ɪɴ sᴇᴇᴋɪɴɢ ᴏᴜᴛsɪᴅᴇ ʜᴇʟᴘ. Iғ ʏᴏᴜ ᴄᴀɴ’ᴛ ᴀғғᴏʀᴅ ᴛʜᴇʀᴀᴘʏ, sᴇᴇᴋ ᴏᴜᴛ ᴀ sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴀ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴsʜɪᴘ ʀᴇᴄᴏᴠᴇʀʏ ᴍᴇssᴀɢᴇ ʙᴏᴀʀᴅ.

6. Sᴜʀʀᴏᴜɴᴅ ʏᴏᴜʀsᴇʟғ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴀs ᴍᴀɴʏ ғᴀᴍɪʟʏ ᴀɴᴅ ғʀɪᴇɴᴅs ᴀs ᴘᴏssɪʙʟᴇ. Iғ ʏᴏᴜʀ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴsʜɪᴘ ᴡɪᴛʜ ʏᴏᴜʀ ғʀɪᴇɴᴅs ᴀɴᴅ ғᴀᴍɪʟʏ sᴜғғᴇʀᴇᴅ ʙᴇᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ʜᴜɢᴇ ᴀᴍᴏᴜɴᴛ ᴏғ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ʏᴏᴜ sᴘᴇɴᴛ ᴡɪᴛʜ ʏᴏᴜʀ sᴡᴇᴇᴛʜᴇᴀʀᴛ, ɴᴏᴡ ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴘᴀᴛᴄʜ ᴜᴘ ᴏʟᴅ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴsʜɪᴘs.

7. Fᴏᴄᴜs ᴏɴ ʏᴏᴜʀsᴇʟғ. Mᴜᴄʜ ᴏғ ʏᴏᴜʀ ᴇɴᴇʀɢʏ ᴡᴇɴᴛ ɪɴᴛᴏ ʏᴏᴜʀ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴsʜɪᴘ ᴀɴᴅ ɴᴏᴡ ʏᴏᴜ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴘᴀᴍᴘᴇʀ ʏᴏᴜʀsᴇʟғ. Tᴀᴋᴇ ᴛʜᴏsᴇ ʟᴏɴɢ ʙᴀᴛʜs ʏᴏᴜ ɴᴇᴠᴇʀ ʜᴀᴅ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ғᴏʀ, ʀᴇᴀᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ sᴀᴜᴄʏ ɴᴏᴠᴇʟ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʜᴀs ᴅᴜsᴛ ᴏɴ ɪᴛ, sᴏ ɴᴏᴡ ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴡᴏʀᴋ ᴏɴ ʏᴏᴜʀsᴇʟғ.

8. Sᴛʀᴇɴɢᴛʜᴇɴ ʏᴏᴜʀ sᴘɪʀɪᴛᴜᴀʟ sɪᴅᴇ. Gᴏ ᴛᴏ ᴄʜᴜʀᴄʜ, ʟᴇᴀʀɴ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴀ ʏᴏɢɪ, ᴏʀ ᴘʀᴀʏ. Iᴛ’s ᴀᴍᴀᴢɪɴɢ ʜᴏᴡ ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ᴛʜɪɴɢs ᴄᴀɴ ʜᴇʟᴘ ʀᴇ-ᴄᴇɴᴛᴇʀ ʏᴏᴜ.

9. Gɪᴠᴇ ᴀᴅᴠɪᴄᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴡᴏᴍᴇɴ ᴡʜᴏ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ɪᴛ ᴍᴜᴄʜ ᴡᴏʀsᴇ ᴛʜᴀɴ ʏᴏᴜ. Iᴛ ᴡɪʟʟ ᴘᴜᴛ ᴛʜɪɴɢs ɪɴ ᴘᴇʀsᴘᴇᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴀʟʟᴏᴡ ʏᴏᴜ ᴛᴏ sᴛᴏᴘ ғᴇᴇʟɪɴɢ sᴏʀʀʏ ғᴏʀ ʏᴏᴜʀsᴇʟғ. Tʜᴇʀᴇ ᴀʀᴇ ʟᴏᴛs ᴏғ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴘʀᴏʙʟᴇᴍs ғᴀʀ ᴡᴏʀsᴇ ᴛʜᴀɴ ʏᴏᴜʀs. Hᴇʟᴘ ᴛʜᴇᴍ.

10. Aᴅᴏᴘᴛ ᴀ ᴘᴇᴛ. Sᴛᴜᴅɪᴇs sʜᴏᴡ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴘᴇᴛs ᴀʀᴇ ᴏᴠᴇʀᴀʟʟ ʜᴀᴘᴘɪᴇʀ ᴀɴᴅ ʟɪᴠᴇ ʟᴏɴɢᴇʀ. Gᴏ ᴛᴏ ʏᴏᴜʀ ʟᴏᴄᴀʟ ᴀɴɪᴍᴀʟ sʜᴇʟᴛᴇʀ ᴀɴᴅ ᴀᴅᴏᴘᴛ ᴀ ᴘᴇᴛ ɪɴ ɴᴇᴇᴅ. Jᴜsᴛ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ sᴜʀᴇ ʏᴏᴜ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴀᴋᴇ ᴄᴀʀᴇ ᴏғ ʏᴏᴜʀ ɴᴇᴡ ғʀɪᴇɴᴅ ᴘʀᴏᴘᴇʀʟʏ.Pʀɪɴᴛ ᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜɪs ʙʀᴇᴀᴋ-ᴜᴘ ᴀᴅᴠɪᴄᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘʟᴀᴄᴇ ɪᴛ sᴏᴍᴇᴡʜᴇʀᴇ ᴡʜᴇʀᴇ ʏᴏᴜ ᴄᴀɴ sᴇᴇ ɪᴛ ᴇᴠᴇʀʏ ᴅᴀʏ. Uᴛɪʟɪᴢɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀʙᴏᴠᴇ 10 ᴡᴀʏs ᴛᴏ sᴘᴇᴇᴅ ᴜᴘ ʀᴇᴄᴏᴠᴇʀɪɴɢ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴀ ʙʀᴇᴀᴋ-ᴜᴘ ᴡᴏɴ’ᴛ ᴛᴀᴋᴇ ᴀᴡᴀʏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴀɪɴ, ʙᴜᴛ ɪᴛ ᴡɪʟʟ ᴅᴇғɪɴɪᴛᴇʟʏ ʜᴇʟᴘ ᴇᴀsᴇ ɪᴛ.

 

How to Deal With Someone Who Doesn't Love You Back?

Some romantically call it "unrequited love," while others prefer the term "emotional hell." Either way, it is no fun to love someone who doesn't love you back. Don't go into stalker mode. Your best move now is to separate from the individual and address any self esteem issues that developed from the situation. Don't waste your time trying to "fix" the relationship. Move forward
Difficulty:
Moderate

Instructions

    • 1
      Grieve the end of the relationship as you would any other. Cry. Write in your journal. Throw yourself a pity party. In the end, realize that the relationship you felt existed was not real. You're mourning the loss of an idea, not a reality. Allow this to comfort you.
    • 2
      Assess your self-esteem. You've taken a hit. This is the time to treat yourself especially well. Get out and see people and talk with your BFFs. Don't wallow in pity alone in the dark.
    • 3
      Ditch the romantic notions. The sooner you face facts and accept the situation, the easier and sooner you'll be able to move on. Going through breakups is part of life.
    • 4
      Look to the future. So, you're in the stink right now -- fair enough. However, look down the line. See yourself happy, healthy and with a partner who loves you for you. Know that this future exists and is within your grasp. In the meantime, plan a sweet vacation to an island somewhere with a friend.
    • 5
      Avoid the person. If you are honest with yourself, you realize you cannot be friends with this person, at least not right now. For your own mental health, give yourself some breathing room. This means no phone calls, no social media, no checking on the ex through mutual friends. It's cold turkey, baby. Break the addiction. It'll be good for you in the long run.
    • 6
      Picture yourself as someone else. What would you say to a friend in your position? "Get up!" "Forget about that jerk!" "Why are you putting yourself through this misery?" Listen to your own advice.
    • 7
      Dig deep. Figure out why you loved someone who didn't love you back. If this is a pattern, it is a huge red flag for you to explore. Therapists are here for a reason. If you need help, set up an appointment.
    • 8
      Get your groove on. Go explore your world. Join up for a new class -- maybe photography or the martial arts. Meet new people. Whatever it takes, get out of your old routine and see how big the world really is.
    • 9
      The best revenge is living well. Move on and move forward; don't look back. Create your own happiness. Exercise. Take care of yourself. Reward yourself and accept only those relationships that make you a better person.

How to Forget an Impossible Crush?

Forgetting about someone you've had your heart set on can be a challenging task. You need to realize that you deserve someone who adores and appreciates you as much as you do her. You can get over that impossible crush. Evaluating the good and the bad about your crush can make the time you've spent dreaming productive and set you up for future success.

Difficulty:
Moderately Challenging

Instructions


    • 1
      Remove all pictures, videos and memorabilia that you've collected or that even remind you of the other person. Chances are you've stored up a ton of things during your infatuation. Letting go of the physical clutter you've amassed is a good step toward forgetting him altogether.
    • 2
      Quit calling, texting, emailing, IMing and any other form of communication completely. Stop planning run-ins or scheming about how to see her.
    • 3
      Delete him from your networking accounts, like MySpace and Facebook, and at least take him off of speed dial on your phone. If your crush doesn't even know you, delete his number from your phone, as well. Attachment without at least a real friendship requires drastic measures.
    • 4
      Evaluate why you were attracted to this person. Make a list of her pros and cons. Be very specific. Include on the "cons" side that she wasn't interested in you. Keep the list of good qualities as you move on to meeting new people.
    • 5
      Resolve to have a healthy relationship that's based on mutual attraction and respect.

«« Tips & Warnings

»» Taking a moment (or longer) to evaluate why you're attracted to an impossible crush may help you to understand the underlying motivation for why this happened. Not being ready for a relationship is a common reason for choosing someone you'd never end up with.





How to Make Pinhole Cameras?

Taking a photograph is both and an art and a science. Leonardo Da Vinci wrote about a dark box with a small hole in one end in 1519. The basic idea of how to take a photograph has changed little since then. Using common household items, a simple and effective shoebox camera can duplicate taking a photograph without expensive equipment. A box camera is a favorite 

Instructions

Things You'll Need

  • Shoebox
  • Can of spray paint, matte black
  • Thumbtack (type that lies flat)
  • Scissors
  • Ruler
  • Newspaper
  • Black electrical tape
  • Photographic film 4-by-5-inch sheets
  • Dark room
    • 1
      Spread the newspaper on a table. Take the lid off the box. Spray the inside of the box and lid completely black. Spray several coats, if necessary, and let them dry. Seal the outside seams of the box and lid at each corner with the electrical tape. Make sure the lid fits snugly on the box.
    • 2
      Remove the lid. Measure and mark a 4-inch wide by 5-inch tall rectangle on the inside of one end of the box. Place a small piece of black tape at the top right and left corners of the square outline. The tape will hold the photo paper in place later. Replace the lid.
    • 3
      Turn the box around to the opposite end. Spray the paint on the outside about 1 inch diameter in the center. Let it dry. Make a hole in the center with the thumbtack. Do not tear the edges of the hole. Put the thumbtack in the hole and cover it with a piece of black tape.
    • 4
      Take the box and film inside the darkroom. Remove the lid and locate the taped areas. Gently hold the photo paper by the edges and tape it in place. Replace the lid securely on the box.
    • 5
      Take the camera outside and place it on a level area. Put several small rocks on top to keep it in place, if necessary. Remove the tape and thumbtack. Allow the sunlight to exposure the film for two minutes. Replace the tape and thumbtack. Return to the dark room and remove the film. Develop it as quickly as possible


How to Tell If a Guy is Interested?

Men may seem to be a mystery, especially when it comes to what they are feeling. However, even guys give some clues as to what's going on in their heads; you just have to pay attention.

Difficulty: Moderate

Instructions

    • 1
      Pay attention to see if your guy cannot seem to relax around you; it could be a sign that he is interested. He may be feeling pressure to impress you and is preoccupied with making a good impression.
    • 2
      Watch to see if he pays attention when you talk. If he brings up things that you said in an earlier conversation, it shows that he is listening to you. Since this is not normally a guy's strong suit, this is a good sign that he is into you.
    • 3
      Pay attention to see if when he is with you, he's WITH you. See if he stays focused on you. It's a very positive sign if he isn't distracted by his cell phone, the game or the really cute waitress.
    • 4
      Listen for him to say "we" instead of "I." This is a guy's way of testing the waters with you. He is trying to see if you object to him referring to the two of you as a couple.
    • 5
      Be aware that if he asks you about a certain restaurant or if you want to see a specific movie, this is a guy's way of asking you out, without having to actually ask. No one likes to be rejected, and this is his way of seeing if you are receptive. If you get the feeling that a guy is fishing for a date, he probably is.
    • 6
      Know that if a guy will go somewhere with you when he normally wouldn't be caught dead there, he's definitely into you. If he's into you, he'll be happy to be with you no matter where you are, even if that means patiently holding your purse outside the dressing room while you try on 17 different cocktail dresses.
    • 7
      See if he tries to make a good impression with your friends; he's probably interested. Guys know that a girl's close friends have a huge influence on her. If he's into you, he'll make the effort to win them over.
    • 8
      Know that if he wants you to meet his friends, he's definitely into you. Guys have a tendency to keep their dating life separate from their friends. If he introduces you to his friends, that's a sign that he thinks that you are awesome and he believes that his friends will think you're awesome, too


 

How to Let a Guy Know You Like Him Without Being Obvious.

Meeting someone you are interested in dating is an exhilarating feeling and may cause extreme excitement. However, if you are fearful of being overly obvious of your feelings when around him, you can take a few steps to help keep yourself calm and relaxed when in his company. Letting a guy know that you like him is possible without being entirely obvious, as long as you keep yourself grounded and confident in yourself
DIFFICULTY LEVEL- MODERATE EASY


Instructions

    • 1
      Introduce yourself to the guy you are interested in if you are already not acquainted. Strike up a conversation about recent events, a class you have in common with him if you're attending school, or even a hobby of yours. It is important to meet someone face to face and have a conversation with them before deciding if you still feel compatible and interested.
    • 2
      Get to know him more after your first conversation by suggesting to hang out or accepting any offers he may ask you, even if it is not in a romantic way. Have some of your friends meet at the movies or go out to lunch together as a group with him. Although you may like him, it is also important to get to know him before making any quick judgments.
    • 3
      Compliment him while you are out together and keep eye contact with him while you speak. This will show him you are interested in what he has to say, and also ensure he knows you think of him in a positive light.
    • 4
      Ask him to attend a movie or get coffee together outside of a group setting when you feel comfortable enough. This will allow you to have more one on one time and deeper conversations. Find out more about his own hobbies and interests to confirm if you have any in common. You can gauge how he is feeling and responding by how active he is in the conversation and if he is smiling and laughing with you often.
    • 5
      Tap his arm, hand, or shoulder lightly and gently to get his attention while also showing you are still interested in him during various activities. Over time you can suggest even more one on one dates, including going on a night out together, visiting a museum, or having dinner for just the two of you as well which will show him you are interested in more than just friendship.

 

How to Know When a Guy Loves You?????

A man in love is a doer, not a talker--whether this means pulling a bunch of wildflowers for you, making you breakfast in bed or putting up with your Aunt Sue when she comes to visit for three weeks. A man in love is not someone you need to spend a lot of time second-guessing: men aren't that complicated.

  • 1
    Watch his behavior. Men in love are probably easier to read than women because they don't spend hours dissecting the relationship with their buddies. A man in love, out of force of habit, will do things to show he cares: pull wildflowers from a meadow in Yosemite, get a tattoo with your name on it, buy your favorite frozen yogurt (extra points for bringing it to you when you didn't ask for it) and spending time with your family.
  • 2
    Pay attention to his body language and facial expressions. If he is scrunched over and scowling, looks bored, is constantly checking his cell phone or similarly distracted or showing annoyed mannerisms, then you know he's not in love. You don't really need someone to tell you that.
    A man in love should be engaged with you, stare deeply into your eyes (unless he's shy, in which case he will look away, but still be engaged with you), touch you lightly on the arm, shoulder or hair and smile when you smile. A man in love feels your rhythm and mirrors it.
  • 3
    Test the waters. It's always best to let the guy tell you he loves you first, but you can gauge his level of interest with comments that question his future interest. If you can't get him to commit to a party you're having a month from now, that's a very bad sign. But if he's already asking if you like to snow ski, and you just met in the late spring, this is a keeper.
  • 4
    Feel his touch. A man in love will touch a woman's face, cradle her chin in his hands or brush a hair from her eye. A man just out for a romp in the sack won't indulge in tender touches such as these, especially out of the bedroom. If he has to at least hold your hand or fingertip in public, he loves you.
  • 5
    Listen to your heart. You'll know if he loves you. The hardest job we have in life is probably letting go of someone who does not love us. We all want to be loved so badly that we oftentimes project feelings and behaviors onto people who don't deserve our adoration. If you are suffering--calling your friends for information, running over every comment he's made or crying yourself to sleep--he does not love you.


  •  




    What's 2012? The Hype, Predictions, and Prophecies, Explained

    2012 Facts and Myths
    By Bryan Mackintosh
    The end is near. And it has a date.
    That's what we've been told, at any rate. The cultural zeitgeist informs us that the ancient Mayans, when they were flipping through their calendars, jotted "doomsday" down on December 21, 2012, and circled it in red. Now, with 2012 coming into view, some folks are starting to panic – and profit. Turns out, the end of the world is big business.
    A swarm of 2012-related books, television specials, and websites are competing for your attention, and things are just heating up. On November 13, a $200 million movie titled "2012" that's loaded with eye-melting special effects will roar into the box office – allowing its makers just enough time to reap and spend the film's DVD profits before the "real" end of the world hits.
    But will we really see floodwaters sloshing over the Himalayas or Yellowstone National Park blow up? Will it be just another day? A time of spiritual enlightenment? And what did the Mayans really say? Turn the virtual page, dear reader, if you dare. We'll answer all your 2012 questions – and we won't spend $200 million to do it.

    Did Mayans Think Dec. 21, 2012 Was the Apocalypse?
    Short answer: No. But it's complicated.
    December 21, 2012 is, some scholars believe, the last date on the Mayan's 5,125-year "long count" calendar – one of as many as 24 calendars the ultra-precise Mayans used to schedule everything from festivals and planting times to (one would assume) dental appointments. But, because most Mayan writings were destroyed by Spanish conquistadors way back when, there's very little to tell us just what the Mayans thought about that critical date: Was it of monumental significance or simply time to start another calendar?
    We do know that the Mayans actually had some things scheduled after 2012 – Lord Pakal of Palenque was due to celebrate a coronation anniversary sometime in 4772, for instance – and frankly, not everyone's sure that that December 21, 2012 date is the one we should get all excited about. In fact, a number of modern-day Maya celebrated the beginning of the end of the calendar earlier this year – meaning they think the calendar's going to run out sometime next February. There's always been some uncertainty about the date, and while most scholars do believe 2012 corresponds with 5125 in the Mayan "long calendar", these Maya (led by group of elders) insist the "last year" began in February 2009, with the end of the calendar (presumably) coming 365 days later, which would be next February

    How Did 2012 Become Such a Big Deal?

    As far as Alexandra Bruce, author of "2012: Science or Superstition" can figure, the first real link between 2012 and the end of the world was forged in 1966, when respected anthropologist Michael Coe published his book "The Maya." The date got some traction in the mid-1980s with holistic spiritualists, but it wasn't until a handful of charismatic seekers – author and teacher José Argüelles and metaphysical scholar Terence McKenna, to name two of them – came along that the prophecy really started gaining steam. Argüelles (among others) organized the worldwide Harmonic Convergence event in 1987 – the beginning of a 26-year countdown to 2012 — and McKenna was a veritable 2012 evangelist until his death in 2000, speaking to rapt audiences around the world.
    In 1993, McKenna said that "the womb of the planet has reached its finite limits, and that the human species has now, without choice, begun the descent down the birth canal of collective transformation toward something right around the corner and nearly completely unimaginable."
    Critics note, however, that McKenna received many of his insights while under the influence of hallucinogens, and Argüelles refers to himself (according to Bruce) as "Valum Votan," the reincarnation of an ancient Mayan king. Take for what you will.
    So All the Hubbub Is for Nothing?
    Well, not exactly. See, the December 21 date – which many folks do believe is accurate – mysteriously coincides with an incredibly rare astronomical phenomenon: the conjunction of the sun with the center of the visible Milky Way galaxy. For the Mayans, the Milky Way signified their "Sacred Tree," and such an alignment would've been very important indeed. Some scholars think it's just too outlandish a coincidence to dismiss. Many believe the Mayans would interpret the conjunction as the beginning of a "new age," the sun crossing from one side of the Sacred Tree to another. The sacred tree, according to Bruce, is (in Mayan mythology) the tree that holds the sky up.

    The mainstream scientific community is, shall we say, skeptical, believing the Mayans would've had no way of knowing such a conjunction was set to take place. The Milky Way is visible only at night, says Vincent H. Malstrom (professor emeritus of geography at Dartmouth College), when the sun's long gone. The Maya were good at astronomy, but they weren't that good.
    What Do Other Cultures Say About This Time?

    If the Mayans did place serious significance on 2012, many 2012 proponents say they're not alone.
    "We knew there was a very transformative time coming," says Sharron Rose, writer/director for the documentary "2012 The Odyssey." There were many cultures pointing to this time in general."
    ..
    While no other culture tabs December 21 as the big day, Rose and her husband (and fellow holistic expert and filmmaker) Jay Weidner, say the Hindus, Incas, Tibetans, ancient Hebrews, and others suggested that the world would be due for a massive transformation around now. And most thought this transformation might be pretty positive.

    According to "2012: Science or Superstition" by Bruce, traditional Hindus believe we're living in dark times indeed: According to "The Mahabharata," a Vedic text, the Kali Yuga, or "Age of Vice," where people "take vows only to break them soon after … people will for without reason destroy trees and gardens … people will become addicted to intoxicating drinks [and] Men will find their jobs stressful and will go to retreats to escape from work." Sounds horrible, doesn't it? But the good news is that, once we're done with the age of vice, we'll walk into a happier, more virtuous age – either the Dwapara Yuga, where we'll grow far taller and live far longer, or better yet, the Satya Yuga, where we won't die at all until we're good and ready to move on. Indeed, many cultures think we're heading into a veritable heaven on earth.

    While traditional Hinduism teaches we've barely begun our cycle in the Kali Yuga, many 2012 proponents say its end is, cosmically speaking, right around the corner -- if it hasn't ended already


     So 2012 Won't Be Painful, Then?

    Folks like Rose and Weidner believe many cultures were pretty optimistic about this new age we're reputedly heading into. But that doesn't mean it'll be an easy transition – especially for decadent, consumer-loving Westerners. For many of us, Weidner says, this new beginning will feel an awful lot like the end of the world.
    And indeed, Weidner says the world as we know it will end. We may be forced to give up lots of our material possessions, live off the land and commune with one another, instead of keeping in touch through Facebook. Much of what we think is important will reveal itself to be, well, rather silly. It could be an incredibly painful time for many of us.
    "It's very close to stumbling into a room and there's blood and there's people screaming," Weidner says. "Then you discover, of course, it's just a woman having a baby."
    Weidner readily admits he has little more idea of what the next age will look like than the rest of us. All he knows is it's going to be big and, at least initially, difficult. And others, of course, are decidedly more pessimistic.

    But What, Exactly, Could Happen in 2012?


    Some theories include:
    Earth Crustal Displacement: Proponents believe the earth's crust—a layer of rock and dirt just a few miles thick—sometimes slips, sending whole continents careening into longitudes and latitudes their residents aren't prepared for. North Americans, for instance, might find themselves at the North Pole, while Antarctica is suddenly bathed in warmth.
    Mass Extinction: We're about a million years overdue for a mass extinction, according to some theorists. Of course, many biologists will tell you we're already in the midst of a mass extinction, with as much as 50 percent of species on the chopping block over the next century.
    Coronal Mass Ejection: Our sun is a fickle life source, and it occasionally jettisons a great deal of energy from its big, glowing self. Theoretically, it could suddenly spew enough energy to fry us all, but it's more likely to just spit enough plasma or whatnot to mess with our electronic infrastructure — which, considering every aspect of our daily lives is tied to said infrastructure, could be serious indeed

    What Do 'Real' Scientists Think Will Happen in 2012?

    In the words of Bruce, "Academics appear to stand united in a wholesale pooh-poohing of the 2012 phenomenon." Most won't even deign to discuss 2012 theories, be they gamma rays or Planet X. And those who do are hardly complimentary.
    "I must say that I worry seriously about the psychological damage that can be done by those expositors of bizarre theories," Dr. Anthony Aveni, professor of astronomy and anthropology at Colgate University, told the makers of the film "2012: Science or Superstition." "… I won't name them, but there are many, many books about the cataclysm and the apocalypse and I do have an interest in bringing words out of academe to a broader public, I think it's very important that we scientific investigators play a role in educating the public, giving our side of things."
    That doesn't dissuade believers, of course. Science expresses skepticism on everything from ghosts to God to true love, and it doesn't stop legions of people from believing in them. Libraries could be filled with anecdotes of when science and mainstream thinking got it all wrong.


     

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